July 1, 1277 (20 Muharram 676 AH): Death of Almalikuz Zahir Ruknuddin Baibars Albundukdari, one of the greatest and most successful rulers of the Mamluk Sultanate. He played a key role in the historic victory of the Muslim forces over the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260. Later, as sultan, he consolidated Mamluk rule in Egypt and the Levant, recaptured Crusader fortresses and coastal cities one after another, and made an outstanding contribution to the reconstruction of the political and military power of the Islamic world. His reign is considered an important chapter in medieval Islamic history.
July 1, 1839: Mahmud II, the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, died. He ruled from 1808 to 1839. During his reign, the Ottoman Empire underwent extensive administrative, military, and educational reforms. In 1826, he abolished the Janissary forces and formed a modern army, and took several important steps to strengthen the central government. He is remembered in history as one of the main architects of the modern Ottoman state.
